Spinal artificial disc removal tool

ABSTRACT

An extraction tool for removing an installed artificial disc from a spine is provided. The extraction tool is impacted between the artificial disc and the vertebrae and engages the artificial disc to allow a surgeon to remove the artificial disc from the spine.

PRIORITY

The present application is a divisional application of U.S. application Ser. No. 17/028,888, filed Sep. 22, 2020, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety, and which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/904,680, filed Sep. 23, 2019, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

THE FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to artificial spinal discs. In particular, examples of the present invention relate to a tool for removing an installed artificial spinal disc.

BACKGROUND

Various companies have developed artificial discs to replace damaged spinal discs. These artificial discs preserve mobility in the spine and are frequently preferable to fusion of the vertebrae. In some instances, it becomes necessary to remove an artificial disc. This may occur during surgery or after installation of an artificial disc.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Non-limiting and non-exhaustive examples of the present invention are described with reference to the following figures, wherein like reference numerals refer to like parts throughout the various views unless otherwise specified.

FIG. 1 is a drawing of an artificial spinal disc.

FIG. 2 is a drawing of an artificial spinal disc.

FIG. 3 is a drawing of an artificial disc installed in a spine.

FIG. 4 is a drawing showing a side view of an artificial disc extraction tool for removing an installed artificial disc from a spine.

FIG. 5 is a drawing showing an exploded side view of the artificial disc extraction tool.

FIG. 6 is a drawing showing an exploded perspective view of the artificial disc extraction tool.

FIG. 7 is a perspective drawing of the artificial disc extraction tool tines.

FIG. 8 is a drawing of the artificial disc extraction tool tines.

FIG. 9 is a drawing showing the use of the artificial disc extraction tool.

FIG. 10 is a drawing showing the use of the artificial disc extraction tool.

FIG. 11 is a drawing showing the use of the artificial disc extraction tool.

FIG. 12 is a drawing showing the use of the artificial disc extraction tool.

FIG. 13 is a drawing showing the use of the artificial disc extraction tool.

FIG. 14 is a drawing showing the use of the artificial disc extraction tool.

FIG. 15 is a drawing showing a top view of an artificial disc extraction tool.

FIG. 16 is a drawing showing a top view of the artificial disc extraction tool of FIG. 15 .

FIG. 17 is a drawing showing a side view of the artificial disc extraction tool of FIG. 15 .

FIG. 18 is a drawing showing a top view of an artificial disc extraction tool.

FIG. 19 is a drawing showing a top view of the artificial disc extraction tool of FIG. 18 .

FIG. 20 is a drawing showing a side view of the artificial disc extraction tool of FIG. 18 .

FIG. 21 is a drawing showing a top view of an artificial disc extraction tool.

FIG. 22 is a drawing showing a top view of an artificial disc extraction tool.

FIG. 23 is a drawing showing a side view of an artificial disc extraction tool.

FIG. 24 is a drawing showing a side view of the artificial disc extraction tool of FIG. 23 .

FIG. 25 is a drawing showing a top view of the artificial disc extraction tool of FIG. 23 .

FIG. 26 is a drawing showing a top view of the artificial disc extraction tool of FIG. 23 .

FIG. 27 is a drawing showing a side view of an artificial disc extraction tool.

FIG. 28 is a drawing showing a top view of the artificial disc extraction tool of FIG. 27 .

FIG. 29 is a drawing showing a top view of the artificial disc extraction tool of FIG. 27 .

FIG. 30 is a drawing showing a top view of the artificial disc extraction tool of FIGS. 23 and 27 .

FIG. 31 is a drawing showing a side view of an artificial disc extraction tool.

FIG. 32 is a drawing showing a top view of the tines of an artificial disc extraction tool.

Corresponding reference characters indicate corresponding components throughout the several views of the drawings. Unless otherwise noted, the drawings have been drawn to scale. Skilled artisans will appreciate that elements in the figures are illustrated for simplicity and clarity. For example, the dimensions of some of the elements in the figures may be exaggerated relative to other elements to help improve understanding of various examples of the present invention. Also, common but well-understood elements that are useful or necessary in a commercially feasible embodiment are often not depicted in order to facilitate a less obstructed view of these various embodiments of the present invention.

It will be appreciated that the drawings are illustrative and not limiting of the scope of the invention which is defined by the appended claims. The examples shown each accomplish various different advantages. It is appreciated that it is not possible to clearly show each element or advantage in a single figure, and as such, multiple figures are presented to separately illustrate the various details of the examples in greater clarity. Similarly, not every example need accomplish all advantages of the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. It will be apparent, however, to one having ordinary skill in the art that the specific detail need not be employed to practice the present invention. In other instances, well-known materials or methods have not been described in detail in order to avoid obscuring the present invention.

In the above disclosure, reference has been made to the accompanying drawings, which form a part hereof, and in which are shown by way of illustration specific implementations in which the disclosure may be practiced. It is understood that other implementations may be utilized and structural changes may be made without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. References in the specification to “one embodiment,” “an embodiment,” “an example embodiment,” etc., indicate that the embodiment described may include a particular feature, structure, or characteristic, but every embodiment may not necessarily include the particular feature, structure, or characteristic. Moreover, such phrases are not necessarily referring to the same embodiment. Further, when a particular feature, structure, or characteristic is described in connection with an embodiment, such feature, structure, or characteristic may be used in connection with other embodiments whether or not explicitly described. The particular features, structures or characteristics may be combined in any suitable combination and/or sub-combinations in one or more embodiments or examples. It is appreciated that the figures provided herewith are for explanation purposes to persons ordinarily skilled in the art.

As used herein, “adjacent” refers to near or close sufficient to achieve a desired effect. Although direct contact is common, adjacent can broadly allow for spaced apart features.

As used herein, the singular forms “a,” and, “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.

As used herein, the term “substantially” refers to the complete or nearly complete extent or degree of an action, characteristic, property, state, structure, item, or result. For example, an object that is “substantially” enclosed would mean that the object is either completely enclosed or nearly completely enclosed. The exact allowable degree of deviation from absolute completeness may in some cases depend on the specific context. However, generally speaking the nearness of completion will be so as to have the same overall result as if absolute and total completion were obtained. The use of “substantially” is equally applicable when used in a negative connotation to refer to the complete or near complete lack of an action, characteristic, property, state, structure, item, or result. For example, a composition that is “substantially free of” particles would either completely lack particles, or so nearly completely lack particles that the effect would be the same as if it completely lacked particles. In other words, a composition that is “substantially free of” an ingredient or element may still actually contain such item as long as there is no measurable effect thereof.

As used herein, the term “about” is used to provide flexibility to a number or numerical range endpoint by providing that a given value may be “a little above” or “a little below” the number or endpoint.

As used herein, a plurality of items, structural elements, compositional elements, and/or materials may be presented in a common list for convenience. However, these lists should be construed as though each member of the list is individually identified as a separate and unique member. Thus, no individual member of such list should be construed as a de facto equivalent of any other member of the same list solely based on their presentation in a common group without indications to the contrary.

Dimensions, amounts, and other numerical data may be expressed or presented herein in a range format. It is to be understood that such a range format is used merely for convenience and brevity and thus should be interpreted flexibly to include not only the numerical values explicitly recited as the limits of the range, but also to include all the individual numerical values or sub-ranges encompassed within that range as if each numerical value and sub-range is explicitly recited. As an illustration, a numerical range of “about 1 to about 5” should be interpreted to include not only the explicitly recited values of about 1 to about 5, but also include individual values and sub-ranges within the indicated range. Thus, included in this numerical range are individual values such as 2, 3, and 4 and sub-ranges such as from 1-3, from 2-4, and from 3-5, etc., as well as 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, individually.

Artificial spinal discs may be installed surgically to replace a damaged spinal disc. Generally, a damaged spinal disc may be treated by fusing the adjacent vertebrae together or by replacing the disc with an artificial disc. As more sophisticated spinal discs are developed by various medical device companies, replacement of a damaged disc with an artificial disc is increasingly preferable to fusion of adjacent vertebrae as it preserves a degree of motion at that location within the spine. Surgeries to install artificial discs have a degree of unpredictability which may not be observed from pre-operative examination. Variable condition of the bone and surgical site, for example, may be observed by the surgeon. In some situations, it has become necessary to remove an installed artificial spinal disc from a patient. This may occur during the original surgical procedure to install the artificial spinal disc. For example, continued bleeding from the bone surfaces of the vertebrae may require removal of an installed artificial disc. The surgeon may then perform additional treatment procedures and reinstall the artificial disc.

Turning now to FIG. 1 , a perspective view of an artificial (prosthetic) disc 10 used to replace a damaged spinal disc is shown. The artificial disc 10 includes an articular body 14 which includes components that interact with each other to provide articulating motion to the artificial disc. The articular body 14 may include an upper and a lower articulation surface, an elastomeric articulation component, etc. Companies have created artificial discs with different types of articular bodies 14 including a ball in socket joint, a ball in trough joint, elastomeric joints, and complex articulation surfaces. The articular body 14 as described is often formed by part of the upper portion 18 of the artificial disc 10 and part of the lower portion 22 of the artificial disc. 10. The articular body 14 may also include an additional component located between the upper portion 18 and lower portion 22 of the artificial disc 10 such as an elastomeric component or a core.

The upper portion 18, or upper plate, of the artificial disc 10 typically attaches to or includes part of the articular body 14 and includes an upper bone attachment surface 26. The upper bone attachment surface 26 often includes one or two keels 30 to aid in fixation of the upper portion 18 and an adjacent vertebra. The upper keels 30 extend upwardly from the upper portion 18 of the artificial disc 10. The bone attachment surface 26 may be treated to provide initial mechanical grip for initial bone fixation and also allows for bone ingrowth (osseointegration) for long term fixation of the artificial disc 10. The bone attachment surface 26 may be roughened or include a rough titanium plasma coating, bead coating, or particulate coating that provides the mechanical grip and allows for bone ingrowth. The lower portion 22, or lower plate, of the artificial disc 10 typically attaches to or includes part of the articular body 14 and a lower bone attachment surface 34. The lower bone attachment surface also includes one or two keels 30 to aid in fixation of the lower portion 22 to an adjacent vertebra. The lower keels 30 extend downwardly from the lower portion 22 of the artificial disc 10. The bone attachment surface 34 may be treated to provide mechanical grip and to allow for bone ingrowth. The bone attachment surface 34 may be roughened or include a rough titanium plasma coating, bead coating, or particulate coating that provides the mechanical grip and allows for bone ingrowth.

For an artificial disc 10 such as a ball in socket joint or a joint with a complex articular surface, the upper portion 18 may be an upper plate which is configured to attach to a vertebra above the installed artificial disc 10. The upper portion 18 may include an upper attachment surface 26 with an upper keel 30. The upper part of the articular body 14, such as a ball or complex articulation surface, may be formed as part of the upper portion 18. The lower portion 22 may be a lower plate which is configured to attach to a vertebra below the installed artificial disc 10. The lower portion 22 may include a lower attachment surface 34 with a lower keel 30. The lower part of the articular body 14, such as a socket or trough or a complex articulation surface, may be formed as part of the lower portion 22. The upper portion 18 and lower portion 22 may contact each other and provide articulation motion therebetween in an installed disc 10 to provide the desired motion to the patient. FIG. 1 shows an artificial disc 10 with two keels 30 on each bone attachment surface 26, 34. FIG. 2 shows a similar artificial disc 10 which differs in that it includes a single keel 30 on each bone attachment surface 26, 34.

FIG. 3 shows a lateral view of an installed artificial spinal disc 10. The artificial disc 10 is installed between two vertebrae 38 to replace a natural spinal disc (e.g. 42) which is damaged. For an example cervical disc, an anterior incision is made in the neck and ligaments and muscles are retracted to expose the damaged spinal disc. The damaged natural disc and cartilage are removed and disc height is restored. Slots are created in the vertebrae 38 to receive the keels 30 of the artificial discs 10. The artificial disc 10 is installed between the prepared vertebrae 38; placing the keel 30 into the slots in the vertebrae 38. The keels 30 and surface of the bone attachment surfaces 26, 34 provide short term fixation of the artificial spinal disc 10 and secure the artificial disc 10 to the vertebrae 38.

In some cases, it becomes necessary to remove the artificial disc 10 after installation. There may be continued bleeding from the vertebrae, for example, which necessitates removal of the artificial disc 10 and correction before finishing the disc replacement surgery. FIGS. 4 through 6 show an artificial spinal disc extraction tool 46. FIG. 4 shows a side view of the extraction tool 46. FIG. 5 shows an exploded side view of the extraction tool 46. FIG. 6 shows an exploded perspective view of the extraction tool 46.

The extraction tool 46 includes an upper extraction tool member 50 and a lower extraction tool member 52 which are separable from each other. The upper extraction tool member 50 and the lower extraction tool member 52 are attachable together during use and an artificial disc 10 is typically extracted after the extraction tool 46 is attached together in the configuration shown in FIG. 4 . The upper extraction tool member 50 and the lower extraction tool member 52 each includes a body 54, arms 58 which extend distally from the body 54, and tines 62 disposed at the distal end of the arms 58. Each extraction tool member 50, 52 includes two arms 58 which extend distally from the body 54 and each arm 58 includes a tine 62 on its end so that each extraction tool member includes two tines 62. For each extraction tool member 50, 52, the arms 58 may pivot or flex away from each other or towards each other to engage or disengage the artificial disc keels 30.

Each extraction tool member 50, 52 includes an actuator, such as expansion pin 66 with a tapered distal end 70 and a threaded section 74 typically disposed on the proximal end of the expansion pin 66. The expansion pin 66 is located in a channel or bore formed through the extraction tool member 50, 52. The threaded section 74 of each expansion pin 66 engages a correspondingly threaded receiver 78 on the extraction tool member 50, 52. In the example extraction tool 46, the threaded sections 74 and threaded receivers 78 are disposed at the proximal ends of the expansion pins 66 and the bodies 54 of each extraction tool member 50, 52. The proximal ends of the expansion pins 66 include a drive socket 82 such as a hex socket or Torx socket. This allows a user to turn the expansion pins 66 with a drive tool to advance or retract the expansion pins 66 within the extraction tool member 50, 52.

As is visible in FIG. 6 , each extraction tool member 50, 52 includes a slot 86 which extends lengthwise through approximately the distal half of the extraction tool member and separates the two arms 58 and tines 62. The slot 86 allows the arms 58 and tines 62 to flex and move towards or away from each other. Generally, the slot 86 extends through the tines 62 and arms 58 and does not extend through the body section 54. The expansion pins 66 extend through a channel 90 through the actuator tool member 50, 52. The distal end of each arm 58 includes an angled ramp 94 such that each extraction tool member 50, 52 includes a pair of angled ramps 94. The angled ramps 94 are disposed opposite each other and are disposed on the distal ends of the arms 58 hear the tines 62. The faces of the angled ramps 94 define an included angle therebetween which is approximately equal to the angle of the tapered distal ends 70 of the expansion pins 66. When the expansion pins 66 are placed within each extraction tool member 50, 52, the threaded section 74 of the expansion pin engages the threaded receiver 78 of the body 54 and the tapered distal ends 70 are disposed adjacent the angled ramps 94. Using a drive tool to rotate the expansion pins 66 clockwise advances the expansion pins 66 distally within the extraction tool member 50, 52 and forces the tapered distal end 70 to advance between the angled ramps 94; spreading the arms 58 and tines 62 apart from each other. Using the drive tool to rotate the expansion pins 66 counter-clockwise retracts the expansion pins 66 and moves the tapered ends 70 proximally away from the angled ramps 94; allowing the tines 62 to move towards each other.

FIG. 7 shows a more detailed perspective view of a pair of tines 62 on one extraction tool member 50, 52. FIG. 8 shows a more detailed top view of the pair of tines 62. Each tine 62 includes a thin tine body 98 with a tip 102. The tine body 98 is made thin as it is driven between the installed artificial disc 10 and the vertebra 38 during use. One outside face of the tip 102 of each tine 62 is beveled and tapers such that the distal end of the tine body 98 is thinner than the proximal tine body 98. As is visible in FIG. 4 , the tine 62 is flat on the side which faces the artificial disc 10 and the tapered face of the tip 102 is located on the side of the tine body 98 which faces away from the artificial disc 10 in use. The tip 102 is shaped so that the flat inner side slides along the bone attachment surface 26, 34 of the artificial disc 10 and the tapered face of the tip 102 slides along the prepared surface of the vertebra 38; minimizing damage to the bone and wedging between the bone 38 and the artificial disc 10 to dislodge the keels 30 from the bone. Each tip 102 includes a keel tab 106 which is angled relative to the tine body 98 and which extends laterally away from the tine body 98. Each keel tab 106 forms a small angular notch on the side of each tine 62. The tine body 98 is spaced apart from the middle of the artificial disc extraction tool 46 by a distance indicated generally at 108 which is approximately equal to half of the thickness of the artificial disc 10. This creates a space 112 (FIG. 4 ) between tines 62 in the assembled extraction tool 46 which receives an artificial disc 10.

In use, the surgeon will typically start with each extraction tool member 50, 52 separated from each other and with the expansion pins 66 retracted so that the arms 58 and tines 62 are positioned towards each other as shown in FIG. 7 . One extraction tool member 50, 52 (such as the upper member 50) is driven between the installed artificial disc 10 (e.g. the top) and the adjacent vertebra 38 as is shown in FIG. 9 . The extraction tool member 50 is moved into this position by moving the tines 62 between the keels 30 of the artificial disc 10 until the keel tabs 106 are past the keels 30. A driver tool 110 is used to advance the expansion pin 66 and move the tines 62 apart from each other by wedging the tapered distal end 70 of the pin 66 between the angled ramps 94. This moves the tine keel tabs 106 apart laterally and moves them past the keels 30. If desired, the expansion pin 66 may be advanced until the tine bodies 98 are pressed against the inside edges of the keels 30 to stabilize the extraction tool member 50.

The second extraction tool member 52 is then driven between the other side (e.g. the bottom) of the installed artificial disc 10 and the adjacent vertebra 38. The extraction tool member 52 is moved into this position by moving the tines 62 between the keels 30 of the artificial disc 10 until the keel tabs 106 are past the keels 30. The two extraction tool halves 50, 52 are then attached to each other, such as by engaging a tab 114 (FIG. 6 ) on one extraction tool member 52 with a corresponding slot on the other extraction tool member 50. The driver tool 110 is used to advance the expansion pin 66 and move the tines 62 apart from each other by wedging the tapered distal end 70 of the pin 66 between the angled ramps 94. This moves the tine keel tabs 106 apart laterally and moves them past the keels 30. If desired, the expansion pin 66 may be advanced until the tine bodies 98 are pressed against the inside edges of the keels 30 to stabilize the extraction tool member 50. The artificial spinal disc extraction tool 46 is now in the configuration shown in FIG. 10 . The extraction tool 46 may alternatively be attached to an installed artificial spinal disc 10 by driving the first extraction tool member 50 between the artificial disc 10 and a vertebra 38, driving the second extraction tool member 52 between the artificial disc and a vertebra 38, connecting the extraction tool halves 50, 52 together, and then expanding the tines 62 to engage the keels 30. FIG. 11 shows a perspective view of the extraction tool 46 without expanding the tines 62 to illustrate how the tines 62 fit between the keels 30 of an artificial disc 10.

FIG. 12 shows a drawing of the tines 62 and artificial disc 10. The tines 62 are shown how they would be positioned after driving them between the artificial disc 10 and a vertebra 38 and before the tines 62 have been expended. FIG. 13 shows the extraction tool tines 62 after the expansion pin 66 has been advanced forwards to expand the tines 62. The tapered distal end 70 of the expansion pin 66 has been forced between the angled ramps 94; moving the tines 62 apart to engage the keels 30.

Once the tines 62 of both extraction tool halves 50, 52 are expanded against the keels 30 as shown in FIG. 13 , a handle or slap hammer 118 may be attached to the extraction tool 46 as is shown in FIG. 14 . The slap hammer 118 has a keyway slot 122 formed in one end of the slap hammer 118. The keyway slot 122 is attached to shoulders 126 and a recess 130 (FIGS. 4-6 ) formed at the proximal ends of the body 54 of each extraction tool member 50, 52. The slap hammer 118 may be used to pull the artificial disc 10 from between the vertebrae 38. The keel tabs 106 formed on the tines 62 engage the keels 30 and pull the artificial disc from the vertebrae 38. Both the upper portion 18 and the lower portion 22 of the artificial disc 10 are removed simultaneously from the spine. The extraction tool 46 may then be disassembled to release the artificial disc 10.

FIG. 15 through 17 show an extraction tool 46 configured to extract an artificial disc 10 with a single keel 30 on each of the top and bottom of the artificial disc 10. FIG. 15 shows a top view of the extraction tool 46 with the tines 62 expanded in an insertion position. FIG. 16 shows a top view of the extraction tool 46 with the tines 62 moved inwardly in a closed position where they capture the keels 30. FIG. 17 shows a side view of the extraction tool 46. The extraction tool 46 functions as discussed above except as otherwise noted. The extraction tool 46 includes a body 54, two upper arms 58 which extend distally from the body 54, and two tines 62 disposed at the distal end of the arms 58. The extraction tool 46 also includes two lower arms 58 with two tines 62 disposed at the distal ends of the lower arms. The upper tines 62 are inserted above the artificial disc 10 and the lower tines 62 are inserted beneath the artificial disc 10 during use as shown in FIG. 14 .

Each tine 62 includes a thin tine body 98 with a tip 102. The tine body 98 is made thin as it is driven between the installed artificial disc 10 and the vertebra 38 during use. One outside face of the tip 102 of each tine 62 is beveled and tapers such that the distal end of the tine body 98 is thinner than the proximal tine body 98. As is visible in FIG. 4 , the tine 62 is flat on the side which faces the artificial disc 10 and the tapered face of the tip 102 is located on the side of the tine body 98 which faces away from the artificial disc 10 in use. The tip 102 is shaped so that the flat inner side slides along the bone attachment surface 26, 34 of the artificial disc 10 and the tapered face of the tip 102 slides along the prepared surface of the vertebra 38; minimizing damage to the bone and wedging between the bone 38 and the artificial disc 10 to dislodge the keels 30 from the bone. Each tip 102 includes a keel tab 106 which is angled relative to the tine body 98 and which extends laterally inwardly from the tine body 98. Each keel tab 106 forms a small angular notch on the inside of each tine 62. The tine body 98 is sufficiently long to capture the artificial disc 10 in a space 112 (FIGS. 4, 17 ) between tines 62 in the assembled extraction tool 46 receives an artificial disc 10.

The upper arms 58 and lower arms 58 are angled slightly apart from each other in the open, insertion configuration. The upper arms 58 and lower arms 58 flex or pivot towards each other into a closed configuration which allows the extraction tool 46 to engage and capture the artificial disc keels 30. An actuator, collar 134, is disposed around the body 54 of the extraction tool 46. Parts of the extraction tool 46 which are covered by the collar 134 are shown to facilitate understanding of the structure. The collar 134 is internally threaded (indicated in dashed lines at 138) and threads 142 are formed on the body 54 of the extraction tool 46. The collar 134 may be rotated relative to the body 54 to advance the collar 134 distally or retract the collar proximally relative to the body 54. When the collar 134 is advanced distally, the distal end of the collar 134 engages the arms 58 and presses in the arms 58 inwardly towards each other. This moves the keel tabs 106 towards each other and captures the keel 30 between the tines 62 and keel tabs 106 as is shown in FIG. 16 . The actuator, collar 134, may also function as a clamp which presses the upper arms 58 towards the lower arms 58 to thereby press the tines 62 against the artificial disc 10.

FIG. 17 shows a side view of the extraction tool 46. The extraction tool 46 may include an upper member 50 and a lower member 52 which may be inserted separately between the artificial disc 10 and vertebra 38.

In use, the tines 62 of the extraction tool 46 are driven between the artificial disc 10 and the vertebrae 38 to separate the artificial disc from the vertebrae 38. The collar 134 is then rotated and advanced distally along the body 54 to move the arms 58 and tines 62 towards each other and capture the artificial disc keels 30 between the tines 62 and keel tabs 106. A slap hammer 118 may be attached to the extraction tool 46 if desired and the extraction tool may be moved proximally away from the spine to remove the artificial disc 10 from between the vertebrae 38. The collar 134 may then be rotated and retracted proximally along the body 54 to release the artificial disc 10. The extraction tool 46 may include first indicator marks 146 which show how far to insert to the extraction tool 46 relative to the artificial disc 10 and second indicator marks 150 which show how far to advance the actuator/collar 134 to move the arms 58 inwardly and capture the keel 30 with the tines 62 and keel tabs 106. The extraction tool 46 may include shoulders 154 disposed between the tines 62 and arms 58 which provide a reference for insertion of the extraction tool 46 between the artificial disc 10 and vertebrae 38 and which may contact the artificial disc 10 at full insertion.

FIG. 18 through 20 show an extraction tool 46 configured to extract an artificial disc 10 with a single keel 30 on each of the top and bottom of the artificial disc 10. FIG. 18 shows a top view of the extraction tool 46 with the tines 62 expanded in an insertion position. FIG. 19 shows a top view of the extraction tool 46 with the tines 62 moved inwardly in a closed position where they capture the keels 30. FIG. 20 shows a side view of the extraction tool 46. The extraction tool 46 functions as discussed above and particularly in the same manner as in FIGS. 15 through 17 except that the extraction tool 46 includes a collar 134 which is positioned along the extraction tool 46 with a threaded actuator rod 158. The actuator rod 158 may have a distal end which is attached to the collar 134 and which rotates relative to the collar 134. The proximal portion of the actuator rod 158 includes threads and engages a threaded boss 162 on the extraction tool body 54. The proximal end of the actuator rod 158 includes a drive socket (such as a Torx socket) and receives a drive tool to rotate the actuator rod 158 and advance or retract the collar distally or proximally along the extraction tool body 54. FIG. 20 shows how the upper member 50 of the extraction tool and the lower member 52 of the extraction tool 46 may each have a separate collar 134, actuator rod 158, and threaded boss 162. This allows each member of the extraction tool 46 to be inserted and locked around the artificial disc keel 30 separately. FIG. 20 also shows how a fixed or adjustable depth stop 156 may be attached to an arm 58 of each extraction tool member. The depth stop 156 may contact the bone 38 or artificial disc 10 at full insertion of the extraction tool 46.

FIG. 21 shows a top view of an extraction tool 46. The extraction tool 46 operates similarly to pliers and is configured to extract an artificial disc 10 with a single keel 30 on top and on bottom of the artificial disc 10. The extraction tool 46 includes upper arms 58 and lower arms 58 which are attached together at a pivot point 166 and extend distally from the extraction tool body 54. Tines 62 are disposed on the distal ends of the arms. Each tine 62 includes a thin tine body 98 with a tip 102. The tine body 98 is made thin as it is driven between the installed artificial disc 10 and the vertebra 38 during use. One outside face of the tip 102 of each tine 62 is beveled and tapers such that the distal end of the tine body 98 is thinner than the proximal tine body 98. As is visible in FIG. 4 , the tine 62 is flat on the side which faces the artificial disc 10 and the tapered face of the tip 102 is located on the side of the tine body 98 which faces away from the artificial disc 10 in use. The tip 102 is shaped so that the flat inner side slides along the bone attachment surface 26, 34 of the artificial disc 10 and the tapered face of the tip 102 slides along the prepared surface of the vertebra 38; minimizing damage to the bone and wedging between the bone 38 and the artificial disc 10 to dislodge the keels 30 from the bone. Each tip 102 includes a keel tab 106 which is angled relative to the tine body 98 and which extends laterally inwardly from the tine body 98. Each keel tab 106 forms a small angular notch on the inside of each tine 62. The tine body 98 is sufficiently long to capture the artificial disc 10 in a space 112 (FIG. 4 ) between tines 62 in the assembled extraction tool 46 receives an artificial disc 10.

The body 54 of the extraction tool 46 includes two handles 170, 174. Each handle 170, 174 may be attached to an upper arm 58 and a lower arm 58. The handles 170, 174 may be pivoted towards each other after the tines 62 are inserted between the artificial disc 10 and the vertebrae to pivot the tines 62 towards each other and capture the keel 30 and then extract the artificial disc 10. A latch mechanism such as a locking strap 178 may be pivotably attached to one handle 170 and include notches 182, 186 to engage the other handle 174 and alternately hold the handles in an open, insertion position or a closed, extraction position. One handle 170 may include a shoulder 126 and recess 130 to allow attachment of a slap handle 118.

FIG. 22 shows a top view of an extraction tool 46. The extraction tool 46 operates similarly to pliers and is configured to extract an artificial disc 10 with two keels 30 on top and two keels 30 on bottom of the artificial disc 10. The extraction tool 46 includes upper arms 58 and lower arms 58 which are attached together at a pivot point 166 and extend distally from the extraction tool body 54. Tines 62 are disposed on the distal ends of the arms. Each tine 62 includes a thin tine body 98 with a tip 102. The tine body 98 is made thin as it is driven between the installed artificial disc 10 and the vertebra 38 during use. One outside face of the tip 102 of each tine 62 is beveled and tapers such that the distal end of the tine body 98 is thinner than the proximal tine body 98. As is visible in FIG. 4 , the tine 62 is flat on the side which faces the artificial disc 10 and the tapered face of the tip 102 is located on the side of the tine body 98 which faces away from the artificial disc 10 in use. The tip 102 is shaped so that the flat inner side slides along the bone attachment surface 26, 34 of the artificial disc 10 and the tapered face of the tip 102 slides along the prepared surface of the vertebra 38; minimizing damage to the bone and wedging between the bone 38 and the artificial disc 10 to dislodge the keels 30 from the bone. Each tip 102 includes a keel tab 106 which is angled relative to the tine body 98 and which extends laterally inwardly from the tine body 98. Each keel tab 106 forms a small angular notch on the inside of each tine 62. The tine body 98 is sufficiently long to capture the artificial disc 10 in a space 112 (FIG. 4 ) between tines 62 in the assembled extraction tool 46 receives an artificial disc 10.

The body 54 of the extraction tool 46 includes two handles 170, 174. Each handle 170, 174 may be attached to an upper arm 58 and a lower arm 58. The handles 170, 174 may be pivoted towards each other after the tines 62 are inserted between the artificial disc 10 and the vertebrae to pivot the tines 62 away from each other and capture the keels 30 with the keel tabs 106 and then extract the artificial disc 10. A latch mechanism such as a locking strap 178 may be pivotably attached to one handle 170 and include notches 182, 186 to engage the other handle 174 and alternately hold the handles in an open, insertion position or a closed, extraction position. One or both handles 170, 174 may include a shoulder 126 and recess 130 to allow attachment of a slap handle 118.

With the plier embodiments of the extraction tools 46 shown in FIGS. 21 and 22 , a single extraction tool 46 may include upper arms 58 and lower arms 58 and engage both the top and bottom of the artificial disc 10. Alternatively, a separate extraction tool upper member 50 and lower member 52 may be provided with the shape shown in FIGS. 21 and 22 . The extraction tool halves 50, 52 may be inserted separately around the artificial disc 10 and the artificial disc may then be removed.

FIGS. 23 through 26 show an extraction tool 46 configured to extract an artificial disc 10 with two keels 30 on each on the upper bone attachment surface 26 and two keels on the lower attachment surface 34 of the artificial disc 10. FIGS. 23 and 24 show side views of the extraction tool 46. FIG. 25 shows a top view of the extraction tool 46. The extraction tool 46 functions as discussed above except as otherwise noted. The extraction tool 46 includes an upper member 50 with a body 54, an upper arm 58 which extends distally from the body 54, and a tine 62 disposed at the distal end of the arm 58. The extraction tool 46 also includes a lower member 52 with a lower arm 58 which extends distally from the body 54, and a tine 62 disposed at the distal ends of the lower arm 58. The upper member 50 of the extraction tool and the lower portion of the extraction tool are separate; allowing the upper member 50 and lower member 52 to be inserted between an artificial disc 10 and the adjacent vertebrae independently. The upper tines 62 are inserted above the artificial disc 10 and the lower tines 62 are inserted beneath the artificial disc 10 during use as shown in FIG. 14 .

Each tine 62 includes a thin tine body 98 with a tip 102. The tine body 98 is made thin as it is driven between the installed artificial disc 10 and the vertebra 38 during use. One outside face of the tip 102 of each tine 62 is beveled and tapers such that the distal end of the tine body 98 is thinner than the proximal tine body 98. The tine 62 is flat on the side which faces the artificial disc 10 and the tapered face of the tip 102 is located on the side of the tine body 98 which faces away from the artificial disc 10 in use and contacts the vertebra 38. The tine 62 is shaped so that the flat inner side slides along the bone attachment surface 26, 34 of the artificial disc 10 and the tapered face of the tip 102 slides along the prepared surface of the vertebra 38; minimizing damage to the bone and wedging between the bone 38 and the artificial disc 10 to dislodge the keels 30 from the bone. The tine body 98 is sufficiently long to capture the artificial disc 10 in a space 112 between tines 62 in the assembled extraction tool 46 as the extraction tool receives an artificial disc 10.

The proximal end of the extraction tool 46 includes shoulders 126 and a recess 130 located distally from the shoulders 126. A slap handle 118 may be attached to the shoulders 126 and used to extract the artificial disc 10 if desired. The distal end of the extraction tool may be rounded to allow it to me more easily driven between the artificial disc 10 and a vertebra 38.

FIG. 24 shows the extraction tool fully inserted around an installed artificial disc 10. The tines 62 extend along the anterior/posterior length of the artificial disc 10 and both the upper member 50 and the lower member 52 of the extraction tool 46 have been inserted to an equal depth relative to the artificial disc 10. A clamp, collar 134, may be placed around the extraction tool body 54 and used to clamp the tines 62 against the artificial disc 10. The collar 134 may be a C-shaped collar which has an opening along its length and which allows it to be placed over the proximal end of the extraction tool body 54. Alternatively, the collar 134 may be larger in diameter than the proximal end of the extraction tool 46 (e.g. the shoulders 126) and the collar 134 may be placed over the proximal end of the extraction tool 46 and over the tool body 54. The extraction tool body 54 tapers and becomes larger towards the distal end such that the proximal end of the extraction tool body 54 is smaller and the distal end of the extraction tool body 54 is larger. Moving the collar 134 towards the distal end of the extraction tool 46 will cause the collar 134 to engage the extraction tool body 54 and press the upper member 50 and lower member 52 of the extraction tool 46 against each other. This will secure the artificial disc 10 between the tines 62. The extraction tool body 54 and the interior of the collar 134 may be threaded and these engaging threads may be used to advance the collar distally along the tool body 54.

The net distance 112 between the tines 62 is slightly less than the thickness of the artificial disc 10 so that a small space 194 is left between the upper member 50 and lower member 52 of the extraction tool 46. This space 194 allows the collar 134 to press the tines 62 against the artificial disc 10.

FIG. 25 shows a top view of the extraction tool 46 and the artificial disc 10. In the example embodiment, the tines 62 do not have keel tabs 106 and may simply slide between the keels 30. The tines 62 may be made wider than the spacing between the keels 30 and one or more slots may be formed in the tines 62 which each allow a keel 30 to enter into a slot as the tines 62 are inserted around the artificial disc 10. This may allow a similarly designed extraction tool to function with an artificial disc 10 with a single keel 30 or with other numbers of keels 30.

In many instances, there is little resistance to removing the artificial disc 10 once the tines 62 have been inserted between the bone attachment surfaces 26, 34 and the vertebrae 38. In these situations, the artificial disc 10 may be removed with just the frictional grip between the tines 62 and the bone attachment surfaces 26, 34.

The extraction tool 46 may alternatively have small keel tabs 106 which are spring loaded and extend from the tines 62 once the tines 62 are inserted past the keels. The tines 62 may also have longitudinal slots 198 therethrough with increase their lateral flexibility and small keel tabs 106 as shown in FIG. 26 . The slots 198 create smaller fingers in the tines 62 which flex inwardly during insertion and allow the keel tabs 106 to pass between the keels 30 and then spring back outwardly once the tine 62 is fully inserted along the artificial disc 10.

FIGS. 27 through 29 show another extraction tool 46 configured to extract an artificial disc 10 with two keels 30 on each on the upper bone attachment surface 26 and two keels on the lower attachment surface 34 of the artificial disc 10. FIG. 27 shows a side view of the extraction tool 46. FIG. 28 shows a top view of the extraction tool 46. The extraction tool 46 functions as discussed above except as otherwise noted. The upper member 50 and lower member 52 of the extraction tool 46 are joined together at the proximal end of the extraction tool 46. The upper arm 58 and a lower arm 58 extend distally from the body 54. A tine 62 is disposed at the distal end of each of the upper arm 58 and lower arm 58. The upper member 50 of the extraction tool and the lower member 52 of the extraction tool are joined together at the proximal end of the extraction tool 46, allowing the upper member 50 and lower member 52 to be inserted together between the respective upper bone attachment surface 26 and lower bone attachment surface 34 of an artificial disc 10 and the adjacent vertebrae 38 at the same time. The upper tine 62 is inserted above the artificial disc 10 and the lower tine 62 is inserted beneath the artificial disc 10 during use as shown in FIG. 14 .

Each tine 62 includes a thin tine body 98 with a tip 102. The tine body 98 is made thin as it is driven between the installed artificial disc 10 and the vertebra 38 during use. One outside face of the tip 102 of each tine 62 is beveled and tapers such that the distal end of the tine body 98 is thinner than the proximal tine body 98. The tine 62 is flat on the side which faces the artificial disc 10 and the tapered face of the tip 102 is located on the side of the tine body 98 which faces away from the artificial disc 10 in use and contacts the vertebra 38. The tine 62 is shaped so that the flat inner side slides along the bone attachment surface 26, 34 of the artificial disc 10 and the tapered face of the tip 102 slides along the prepared surface of the vertebra 38; minimizing damage to the bone and wedging between the bone 38 and the artificial disc 10 to dislodge the keels 30 from the bone. The tine body 98 is sufficiently long to capture the artificial disc 10 in a space 112 between tines 62 in the assembled extraction tool 46 as the extraction tool receives an artificial disc 10.

The proximal end of the extraction tool 46 includes shoulders 126 and a recess 130 located distally from the shoulders 126. A slap handle 118 may be attached to the shoulders 126 and used to extract the artificial disc 10 if desired. The distal end of the extraction tool may be rounded to allow it to me more easily driven between the artificial disc 10 and a vertebra 38.

The extraction tool is shown fully inserted around an installed artificial disc 10. The tines 62 extend along the anterior/posterior length of the artificial disc 10 and both the upper member 50 and the lower member 52 of the extraction tool 46 have been inserted to an equal depth relative to the artificial disc 10. A clamp, collar 134, disposed around the extraction tool body 54 may be used to clamp the tines 62 against the artificial disc 10. The extraction tool body 54 tapers and becomes larger towards the distal end such that the proximal end of the extraction tool body 54 is smaller and the distal end of the extraction tool body 54 is larger. Moving the collar 134 towards the distal end of the extraction tool 46 will cause the collar 134 to engage the extraction tool body 54 and press the upper member 50 and lower member 52 of the extraction tool 46 against each other. This will secure the artificial disc 10 between the tines 62. The extraction tool body 54 and the inside surface of the collar 134 may be smooth and the collar 134 may be slid distally along the extraction tool body 54. Alternatively, the extraction tool body 54 and the interior of the collar 134 may be threaded as shown previously and these engaging threads may be used to advance the collar distally along the extraction tool body 54.

The net distance 112 between the tines 62 (e.g. the distance with the upper member 50 and lower member 52 of the extraction tool fully compressed together) is slightly less than the thickness of the artificial disc 10 so that a small space 194 is left between the upper member 50 and lower member 52 of the extraction tool 46. This space 194 allows the collar 134 to press the tines 62 against the artificial disc 10.

FIG. 28 shows a top view of the extraction tool 46 and the artificial disc 10. In the example embodiment, the tines 62 do not have keel tabs 106 and may simply slide between the keels 30. The tines 62 may be made wider than the spacing between the keels 30 and one or more slots may be formed in the tines 62 which each allow a keel 30 to enter into a slot as the tines 62 are inserted around the artificial disc 10. This may allow a similarly designed extraction tool to function with an artificial disc 10 with a single keel 30 or with other numbers of keels 30. In many instances, there is little resistance to removing the artificial disc 10 once the tines 62 have been inserted between the bone attachment surfaces 26, 34 and the vertebrae 38. In these situations, the artificial disc 10 may be removed with just the frictional grip between the tines 62 and the bone attachment surfaces 26, 34.

The extraction tool 46 may alternatively have small keel tabs 106 which are spring loaded and extend from the tines 62 once the tines 62 are inserted past the keels. The tines 62 may also have longitudinal slots 198 therethrough with increase their lateral flexibility and small keel tabs 106 as shown in FIG. 26 . The slots 198 create smaller fingers in the tines 62 which flex inwardly during insertion and allow the keel tabs 106 to pass between the keels 30 and then spring back outwardly once the tine 62 is fully inserted along the artificial disc 10.

FIG. 29 shows a top view of the extraction tool 46 of FIGS. 23 through 26 or of the extraction tool 46 of FIGS. 27 and 28 . This drawing illustrates how the extraction tool tines 62 may be modified to include a slot 202 which receives a keel 30, such as in the artificial disc 10 which includes a single keel 30 on the upper bone attachment surface 26 and the lower bone attachment surface 34. FIG. 30 similarly shows a top view of the extraction tool 46 of FIGS. 23 through 26 or of the extraction tool 46 of FIGS. 27 and 28 and illustrates how the (upper and lower) tines 62 may be modified to include keel tabs 106. The keel tabs 106 engage the keel 30 once the extraction tool 46 is inserted completely relative to the artificial disc 10. The tines 62 may also have longitudinal slots 198 therethrough which increase the lateral flexibility and small keel tabs 106 as shown in FIG. 26 . The slots 198 create smaller fingers in the tines 62 which flex inwardly during insertion and allow the keel tabs 106 to pass between the keels 30 and then spring back outwardly once the tine 62 is fully inserted along the artificial disc 10.

FIG. 31 shows a side view of another extraction tool 46. The extraction tool 46 is as described above and functions in the above manner except as noted. An upper arm 58 and a lower arm 58 are attached to the body 54 by a scissor mechanism 206. A tine 62 is disposed at the distal end of each of the upper arm 58 and lower arm 58. The scissor mechanism 206 is movable via a central drive rod 210 to move the upper member 50 of the extraction tool 46 and the lower member 52 of the extraction tool 46 farther apart or closer together. The drive rod 210 may be a threaded rod which interacts with a threaded hole in the proximal center link of the scissor mechanism 206. The scissor mechanism 206 may be used to adjust the spacing 112 between the tines 62 to accommodate different thickness of artificial discs 10 and also to press the tines 62 against the artificial disc bone attachment surfaces 26, 34.

The upper tine 62 and lower tine 62 are inserted together between the respective upper bone attachment surface 26 and lower bone attachment surface 34 of an artificial disc 10 and the adjacent vertebrae 38 at the same time. The upper tine 62 is inserted above the artificial disc 10 and the lower tine 62 is inserted beneath the artificial disc 10 during use as shown in FIG. 14 . Each tine 62 includes a thin tine body 98 with a tip 102. The tine body 98 is made thin as it is driven between the installed artificial disc 10 and the vertebra 38 during use. One outside face of the tip 102 of each tine 62 is beveled and tapers such that the distal end of the tine body 98 is thinner than the proximal tine body 98. The tine 62 is flat on the side which faces the artificial disc 10 and the tapered face of the tip 102 is located on the side of the tine body 98 which faces away from the artificial disc 10 in use and contacts the vertebra 38. The tine 62 is shaped so that the flat inner side slides along the bone attachment surface 26, 34 of the artificial disc 10 and the tapered face of the tip 102 slides along the prepared surface of the vertebra 38; minimizing damage to the bone and wedging between the bone 38 and the artificial disc 10 to dislodge the keels 30 from the bone. The tine body 98 is sufficiently long to capture the artificial disc 10 in a space 112 between tines 62 in the assembled extraction tool 46 as the extraction tool receives an artificial disc 10. The tines 62 may typically be as shown and described with respect to FIGS. 23 through 30 .

The proximal end of the extraction tool 46 includes shoulders 126 and a recess 130 located distally from the shoulders 126. A slap handle 118 may be attached to the shoulders 126 and used to extract the artificial disc 10 if desired. The distal end of the extraction tool may be rounded to allow it to me more easily driven between the artificial disc 10 and a vertebra 38.

FIG. 32 shows a detailed drawing of a tine 62 on an extraction tool 46. The tine 62 includes keel tabs 106 which may retract within a channel or pocket 214 in the tine 62. A spring 218 is disposed between the keel tabs 106 in the pocket 214. The spring 218 presses the keel tabs 106 out of the pocket 214 as shown. Shoulders formed in the ends of the pocket 214 and on the ends of the keel tabs 106 keep the keel tabs retained within the pocket 214. The keel tabs are beveled on their distal faces and are pushed inwardly into the pocket 214 as the tine 62 is pushed between two keels. Once the tine 62 is moved sufficiently past the keels 30, the keel tabs 106 extend outwardly from the pocket 214 and engage the keel 30 when the tine 62 is pulled proximally to extract the artificial disc 10. The spring loaded keel tabs 106 may also be used on a single keel design by having a slot through the center of the tine 62 to receive the keel 30 between two portions of the tine 62, pockets 214 formed on both sides of the slot, springs 218 in each pocket 214, and keel tabs 106 which are biased inwardly to the slot by the springs.

Referring to all of the above extraction tools 46; artificial discs 10 may commonly be between about 0.5 cm thick and about 1.5 cm thick, between about 1 cm long and about 4 cm long, and between about 1 cm wide and about 4 cm wide. These dimensions vary with the location of the artificial disc 10 in the spine and the size of the patient. Accordingly, the extraction tool 46 is dimensioned to receive such an artificial disc 10. Commonly, the extraction tool 46 is between about 10 cm long and about 20 cm long. The extraction tool vertebral space 112 (the space between the tines 62) is often between about 0.5 cm and 1.5 cm and the tines 62 are often between about 1 cm and about 5 cm long to receive the desired artificial disc 10. The tines 62 are often between about 0.5 mm and 2 mm thick and between about 5 mm wide and about 20 mm wide. The tines 62 are wider than they are thick, and often have a width which is about 5 times, about 10 times, or about 15 times their thickness. Commonly, the tines 62 have a width which is between about 5 times and about 15 times their thickness, or a width which is between about 5 times and about 10 times their thickness. The tapered tip 102 of the tines 62 is often between about 0.5 cm and about 1.5 cm long and the distal tip of the tines 62 is often between about 0.1 mm and about 0.5 mm thick. The tines 62 are parallel to each other and generally planar. The tines 62 are disposed in parallel horizontal planes (relative to an upright extraction tool 46 or an upright artificial disc 10) with a vertical space between the tines to receive an artificial disc 10. The upper tine 62 has a lower surface which is an artificial disc engaging surface that is placed adjacent the upper bone attachment surface of the artificial disc and grips the upper bone attachment surface to remove the artificial disc form a spine. The upper tine 62 has an upper surface which is a vertebra releasing surface which releases or separates an upper vertebra from the artificial disc upper bone attachment surface. The lower tine 62 has an upper surface which is an artificial disc engaging surface that is placed adjacent the lower bone attachment surface of the artificial disc and grips the lower attachment surface to remove the artificial disc from a spine. The lower tine 62 has a lower surface which is a vertebra releasing surface which releases or separates a lower vertebra from the artificial disc lower bone attachment surface. In use, the upper tine upper bone releasing surface separates an artificial disc from an upper vertebra and the lower tine lower bone releasing surface separates the artificial disc from a lower vertebra. The upper tine lower artificial disc engaging surface grips the upper surface of the artificial disc and the lower tine upper artificial disc engaging surface grips the lower surface of the artificial disc and the extraction tool removes the artificial disc from the spine.

The extraction tool 46 separates the artificial disc 10 from the vertebrae 38 with minimal damage to the vertebral bone and minimal trauma to the surrounding tissue and allows for easier removal of the artificial disc 10. This allows the prepared surface of the vertebra to be reused for implanting an artificial disc 10 without further resection in many instances, reducing surgical complications.

The above description of illustrated examples of the present invention, including what is described in the Abstract, is not intended to be exhaustive or to be limitation to the precise forms disclosed. While specific examples of the invention are described herein for illustrative purposes, various equivalent modifications are possible without departing from the broader scope of the present claims. Indeed, it is appreciated that specific example dimensions, materials, etc., are provided for explanation purposes and that other values may also be employed in other examples in accordance with the teachings of the present invention. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for removing an installed artificial spinal disc from between vertebrae comprising: selecting an artificial disc extraction tool comprising: a body; a first upper tine extending distally from the body; a first lower tine extending distally from the body; inserting the first upper tine between an upper bone attachment surface of an artificial disc and an upper vertebra to separate the upper vertebra from the upper bone attachment surface; inserting the first lower tine between a lower bone attachment surface of the artificial disc and a lower vertebra to separate the lower vertebra from the lower bone attachment surface; gripping the artificial disc between the first upper tine and the first lower tine; and removing the artificial disc from between the upper vertebra and the lower vertebra with the artificial disc extraction tool.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the first upper tine is generally planar and the first lower tine is generally planar and generally parallel to the first upper tine.
 3. The method of claim 2, wherein a distal portion of an upper surface of the first upper tine tapers to a distal tip of reduced thickness, and wherein a distal portion of a lower surface of the first upper lower tapers to a distal tip of reduced thickness.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the artificial spinal disc extraction tool comprises: an upper member comprising; a body having a proximal end and a distal end; a first upper arm which is attached to the distal end of the body and which extends distally from the distal end of the body; wherein the first upper tine is attached to the distal end of the first upper arm and extends distally from the first upper arm; a lower member comprising; a body having a proximal end and a distal end; a first lower arm which is attached to the distal end of the body and which extends distally from the distal end of the body; and wherein the first lower tine is attached to the distal end of the first lower arm and extends distally from the first lower arm; and wherein the method comprises holding the upper member against the lower member to thereby grip the artificial disc between the first upper tine and the first lower tine.
 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the upper member and the lower member are joined together near a proximal end of the extraction tool.
 6. The method of claim 4, wherein the upper member comprises: a second upper arm which is attached to the distal end of the body and which extends distally from the distal end of the body, and which is disposed adjacent the first upper arm; a second upper tine which is attached to the distal end of the second upper arm and which extends distally from the second upper arm adjacent the first upper tine; wherein the lower member comprises: a second lower arm which is attached to the distal end of the body and which extends distally from the distal end of the body, and which is disposed adjacent the first lower ann; a second lower tine which is attached to the distal end of the second lower arm and which extends distally from the second lower arm adjacent the first lower tine; and wherein the method comprises: inserting the second upper tine between the upper bone attachment surface of an artificial disc and the upper vertebra to separate the vertebra from the upper bone attachment surface; inserting the second lower tine between the lower bone attachment surface of the artificial disc and the lower vertebra to separate the vertebra from the lower bone attachment surface; and moving the first upper tine and the second upper tine laterally to selectively increase or decrease a distance therebetween and thereby selectively grip an artificial disc upper keel with the first upper tine and the second upper tine, and moving the first lower tine and second lower tine laterally to selectively increase or decrease a distance therebetween and thereby selectively grip an artificial disc lower keel with the first lower tine and the second lower tine.
 7. The method of claim 6, further comprising a first upper keel tab extending laterally from the first upper tine and a second upper keel tab extending laterally from the second upper tine, and wherein the first upper tine and first lower tine are movable laterally to engage the artificial disc upper keel by moving the first upper keel tab and the second upper keel tab behind a distal end of the upper keel.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the method comprises, after inserting the first upper tine between the upper bone attachment surface of the artificial disc and the upper vertebra, moving the first upper tine laterally against an artificial disc upper keel to thereby engage the upper keel with first upper tine.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein a distal end of the first upper tine comprises a first upper keel tab which extends laterally from the distal end of the first upper tine, and wherein the method comprises, after inserting the first upper tine between an upper bone attachment surface of the artificial disc and the upper vertebra, moving the first upper tine laterally towards an artificial disc upper keel to thereby position the first upper keel tab behind the first upper keel.
 10. A method for removing an installed artificial spinal disc from between vertebrae comprising: selecting an artificial disc extraction tool comprising: a body; a first upper tine extending distally from the body; inserting the first upper tine between an upper bone attachment surface of an artificial disc and an upper vertebra to separate the upper vertebra from the upper bone attachment surface; and removing the artificial disc from the upper vertebra with the artificial disc extraction tool.
 11. The method of claim 10, wherein a distal end of the first upper tine comprises a first upper keel tab which extends laterally from the distal end of the first upper tine, and wherein the method comprises, after inserting the first upper tine between an upper bone attachment surface of the artificial disc and the upper vertebra, moving the first upper tine laterally towards an artificial disc upper keel to thereby position the first upper keel tab distally behind the first upper keel.
 12. The method of claim 10, wherein the artificial disc extraction tool comprises: a first upper keel tab which extends laterally from a distal end of the first upper tine; and a second upper tine extending distally from the body; and a second upper keel tab which extends laterally from a distal end of the second upper tine; and wherein the method comprises: inserting the second upper tine between the upper bone attachment surface of the artificial disc and the upper vertebra to separate the upper vertebra from the upper bone attachment surface; and moving the first upper tine and the second upper tine laterally to thereby position the first upper keel tab and the second upper keel tab distally behind an artificial disc upper keel.
 13. The method of claim 10, wherein the artificial disc extraction tool comprises: a first upper keel tab which extends laterally from a distal end of the first upper tine; and a second upper tine extending distally from the body; and a second upper keel tab which extends laterally from a distal end of the second upper tine; and wherein the method comprises: inserting the second upper tine between the upper bone attachment surface of the artificial disc and the upper vertebra to separate the upper vertebra from the upper bone attachment surface; and moving the first upper tine laterally to thereby position the first upper keel tab distally behind a first artificial disc upper keel moving the second upper tine laterally to thereby position the second upper keel tab distally behind a second artificial disc upper keel.
 14. The method of claim 10, wherein the method comprises, after inserting the first upper tine between the upper bone attachment surface of the artificial disc and the upper vertebra, moving the first upper tine laterally against an artificial disc upper keel to thereby engage the upper keel with first upper tine.
 15. The method of claim 10, wherein the artificial disc extraction tool comprises a second upper tine extending distally from the body, and wherein the method comprises: inserting the second upper tine between the upper bone attachment surface of the artificial disc and the upper vertebra to separate the upper vertebra from the upper bone attachment surface; and moving the first upper tine laterally against an artificial disc upper keel to thereby engage the upper keel with first upper tine.
 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the method comprises moving the first upper tine laterally towards the second upper tine to grip the artificial disc upper keel between the first upper tine and the second upper tine.
 17. The method of claim 15, wherein the method comprises moving the first upper tine laterally away from the second upper tine to engage the artificial disc upper keel with the first upper tine and to engage a second upper keel tab with the second upper tine.
 18. The method of claim 10, wherein the first upper tine is generally planar in shape.
 19. The method of claim 18, wherein a distal portion of an upper surface of the first upper tine tapers to a distal tip of reduced thickness.
 20. The method of claim 10, wherein the artificial disc extraction tool comprises a first lower tine extending distally from the body, and wherein the method comprises: inserting the first lower tine between a lower bone attachment surface of the artificial disc and a lower vertebra to separate the lower vertebra from the lower bone attachment surface; gripping the artificial disc between the first upper tine and the first lower tine; and removing the artificial disc from between the upper vertebra and the lower vertebra with the artificial disc extraction tool.
 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the first upper tine is generally planar in shape and the first lower tine is generally planar in shape and parallel to the first upper tine. 